Concepts of Biology (BIOL115) - Dr. S.G. Saupe (ssaupe@csbsju.edu); Biology Department, College of St. Benedict/St. John's University, Collegeville, MN 56321

SURFACE-TO-VOLUME RATIOS IN BIOLOGY

    These exercises are designed to introduce you to the concept of surface-to-volume ratios (S/V) and their importance in biology. S/V ratio refers to the amount of surface a structure has relative to its size. Or stated in a more gruesome manner, the amount of "skin" compared to the amount of "guts."  To calculate the S/V ratio, simply divide the surface area by the volume.  In this exercise we will first examine the effect of size, shape, flattening an object, elongating an object on surface-to-volume ratios.  Then, we will do some hands-on activities to examine the importance of S/V ratios in two areas, cell size and metabolic rate.  Equations to help with the calculations are provided at the end of the exercise.

    You will be asked to complete an assignment for this activity:

EXERCISE 1. INFLUENCE OF SIZE ON S/V RATIOS.  
    We will use a cube to serve as a model cell (or organism). Cubes are especially nice because surface area (length x width x 6 sides) and volume (length x width x height) calculations are easy to perform. To calculate the surface-to-volume ratio divide the surface area by the volume. Complete the table below for a series of cubes of varying size (equations):

1. Which cube has the greatest surface area? volume? S/V ratio?
2. What happens to the surface area as the cubes get larger? What happens to the volume as the cubes get larger? What happens to the S/V ratio as the cubes get larger?
3. Proportionately, which grows faster - surface area or volume? Explain.
4. If you cut a cube in half, how does the volume, surface area and S/V ratio of one of the resultant halves compare to the original?
5. As the linear dimension of the cube triples, the surface area increase by the (select one: square or cube) of the linear dimension, and the volume increases by the (square or cube) of the linear dimension.
6. Plot, all on one graph, the following: s/v ratio vs. cube size (length in mm); volume vs. cube size (length in mm); and surface area vs. cube size (length in mm).
7. Compare the volume, surface area and S/V ratio of the following: shrew vs. elephant, baby vs. adult, ostrich egg vs. human egg.

EXERCISE 2. SHAPE AND S/V RATIOS: 
    In this exercise we will explore the impact of shape on surface to volume ratios. The three shapes given below have approximately the same volume (1 mm³). Complete the calculations for each shape.  To calculate the volume of environment within 1.0 mm of the shape, imagine the shape surrounded by a larger shape of the same size that is 1.0 mm bigger on all sides. (equations)

1. Make a sketch, to scale, of the three objects.
2. Which shape has the greatest surface area? volume? s/v ratio?
3. If you had to select a package with the greatest volume and smallest surface area, what shape would it be?
4. Explain why the shape of animals is basically "spherical", whereas plants and fungi are "filamentous".
   

EXERCISE 3. S/V RATIOS IN FLATTENED OBJECTS: 
    In this exercise we will explore how flattening an object impacts the surface to volume ratio. Consider a box that is 8 x 8 x 8 mm on a side. Then, imagine that we can flatten the box making it thinner and thinner while maintaining the original volume. What will happen to the surface area and s/v ratio as the box is flattened? Complete the table below. (equations)

1. Explain why leaves are thin and flat.
2. Why do elephants have large, flat ears?
3. How do you think flatworms feed?
   

EXERCISE 4. S/V RATIOS IN ELONGATED OBJECTS: 
    In this exercise we will explore how elongating an object impacts the surface to volume ratio. Consider a box that is 8 x 8 x 8 mm on a side. Then, imagine that we pull on the ends to make it longer and longer while maintaining the original volume. What will happen to the surface area and s/v ratio as the box is flattened? Complete the table below. (equations)

1. Explain the shape of blood vessels.
2. Explain why roots have "hairs."
   

EXERCISE 5. WHY ARE CELLS SMALL?  
    The typical eukaryotic cell is rather small - approximately 100 mm in diameter. This exercise is designed to help provide an explanation why cells are not normally larger.

    Obtain 2 cell models, one small and one large. Measure the length and diameter of each and then record your data in the table below. Place each cell in a bowl containing clear vinegar (BE CAREFUL!). Allow to sit for a few minutes, or until most of the blue color is gone from the smallest cell. Remove the models with a plastic spoon (CAUTION: don't get the vinegar on your hands!!!!) and place it on a piece of paper towel. Then, measure the size of the colored area remaining and record these data in the table below. Complete the calculations.

    Theory: The cell models are made of a gelatin-like material called agar. The agar has an acid-sensitive dye incorporated into it. The dye turns from blue to yellow (clear in the presence of acid). The uptake of acid, and hence colorless areas of the cell models represents the uptake of food/nutrients by the cell. From this, we can calculate the percent of each cell that was fed during the incubation period.  

1. In which cell did the greatest portion get fed? Explain.
2. Which cell would be in greatest danger of starving? Explain.
3. Suggest some reasons why cells are small.
4. If a cell divides in half, how does the volume, surface area and S/V ratio of each new cell compare to that of the original?
5. Explain why the rate of cell growth slows as a cell gets larger.
6. Explain why cells divide when they get large.
   

EXERCISE 6. WHY DO MICE HAVE GREATER METABOLIC RATES THAN ELEPHANTS?  
    It is well known that there is an inverse relationship between body size and metabolic rate. The purpose of this exercise is to determine the reason for this relationship. 

1. Pack ice around the containers in the pan to a depth of about two inches. Then add cold water to bring the water level up to the top of the ice.
   
   
2. Turn on the hot water tap and let it run until the temperature reaches 55-65 (measure with your thermometer).
   
   
3. Measure 8 mL of hot water with a pipet and place it into the 30 mL flat-bottomed vial.
   
   
4. Place the thermometer in the hot water. At first the temperature will rise. When it begins to fall again, measure the temperature. If it is below 40 C, start again with hotter water.
   
   
5. When the temperature reaches 40 C, record the time. Exactly two minutes later record the temperature again. Record your data in the table below.
   
   
6. Measure 80 mL of hot water with a graduate cylinder and transfer it to the larger (100 mL) beaker. Then repeat steps 4 & 5.
   
   
7. Calculate the initial and final heat content (rows 8 and 10) by multiplying the temperature (rows 7 and 9) by the volume of water (row 4) by the specific heat of water (4.2 joules/cm³ C). [Note - specific heat is an indication of the amount of heat it takes to change the temperature of a substance.] Thus, this equation is:

Heat content (joules) = temp. (C) x vol. (cm³) x specific heat of water (4.2 joules/cm³ C)

Calculate the total heat loss during the two minute period (row 11) by subtracting the final heat content (row 10) from the initial heat content (row 8).
 

8. Calculate the relative heat loss (joules lost/cm³) for each volume (row 13) by dividing the total heat loss in column d by the volume of the vessel (row 4).
   
   
9. Lastly, measure the height (row 1) and diameter (row 2) of the water in each container and then calculate radius (row 3), volume (Row 4), surface area (row 5) and S/V ratio (row 6) for both containers.

 Analysis/Questions:

1. Which vessel had the greatest volume? surface area? S/V ratio?
2. Which vessel lost more total heat? Did you expect that? Explain.
3. Which vessel lost the most heat relative to its size? Did you expect that? Explain.
4. Which vessel showed the greatest temperature change?
5. To maintain a constant temperature in the vessels, which would have required the most total heat input? Which would have required the most heat proportional to its size?
6. Who will loose more total heat in a given period, an infant or an adult? A mouse or an elephant? Explain.
7. Who will loose more heat relative to its volume, an infant or an adult? A mouse or an elephant? Explain.
8. Who will need to eat the most food, an infant or an adult? A mouse or an elephant? Explain. Who will need to eat the most food relative to size? Explain.
9. Explain why small animals have a higher metabolic rate than large animals
10. Explain why shrews are voracious feeders.
    

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS: (answer one of these for your post assignment)

1. Explain why cats can fall off of tall buildings and survive. Why do people splat?
2. Explain the advantages/disadvantages of block vs cube ice.
3. Describe the scientific inaccuracy in the episode of Goldilocks and the porridge.
4. Explain why lungs, gills and intestines have the shape they do.
5. Explain why plants are essentially a cluster of filaments, whereas animals are blobs. In other words, why is a thin, elongated rectangle a good model for a plant, but a square a good model for an animal?
6. Describe the shape of a radiator? Explain why it has this shape.
7. Medieval churches were often built in the shape of a crucifix. Explain why.
8. Mice have large eyes relative to size and elephants small ones. Explain why. Are large eyes better than small ones?
9. The earth is geologically active (has a molten core) but the moon is apparently no longer geologically active. Explain why using S/V ratios.
10. Based on size relationships, explain why a human is smarter than a mouse.
11. Shrews have a reputation for being "mean". In other words, they must feed constantly. Explain why.
12. Why are there few small animals in the arctic?
13. Why would a mouse-sized human lack intelligence?
14. Explain how S/V ratios relate to the form of plants that have evolved in mesic, xeric and hydric environments.
15. Explain why the cells of the spongy layer of a plant leaf are irregularly shaped.
    

 References:

• Barrett, D. 1983. Body size and temperature: an extended approach. J. Biol. Educ. 71:78.
• Cohen, A, AB Moreh, R Chayoth. 1999. Hands-on Method for Teaching the Concept of the Ratio Between Surface Area & Volume. The American Biology Teacher 61: 691 - 696.
• Diamond, Jared. 1989. How cats survive falls from New York skyscrapers. Natural History, August, pp 20 - 26.
• Haldane, J.B.S. On Being the Right Size.
• Gould, S. 1977. Size and shape. In Ever Since Darwin. Norton, NY.
• Moog, F. (1949) Gulliver was a bad biologist. Scientific American 18(5): 52 - 56 (November)
• Stanek, Jr., J. A. (1983) Why don't cells grow larger? American Biology Teacher 45:393-395.
• Flannery, M (1986) Why is size so important? American Biology Teacher 51: 122 - 125.
• Morowitz, H (19  ) Of mammals great and small.  In The Wine of Life.  St. Martin's Press.
• Went, FW (1968) The size of man.  Scientific American 56: 400 - 413.
• Built to scale.  (1999) Science News 156: 249 - 251.
  

Useful Equations:

Supplies Required:

• Cell Exercise:  Small tray with 2-3 paper towels, spoon, jar of vinegar, ruler, pair of gloves (1/group); cell models (1 of each size per group; 0.04% bromocresol green, 2% agar)
  
• Heat/Metabolism Demo:  2 pans with 8 and 80 ml beakers glued into the bottom; 2 thermometers; hot plate; flask with water; 100 ml graduate cylinder; 10 ml pipet and pump; ice; hot pad/glove